The Cia Essay Example For Students

The Cia Essay CIA: The Black Sheep of the US GovernmentThinking in the philosophical terms of â€Å"good† and â€Å"evil,† nothing purely â€Å"good† can survive without the slightest taint of â€Å"evil,† and vice-versa. The same standard exists for everything. Just as you cannot always succeed by being purely honest, a government cannot hold itself together without committing it’s own personal rights and wrongs. The United States of America has protected its residents well in the past, and kept the appearance of a mild innocense; well, most of it, anyway. The Covert Intelligence Agency (CIA) is mostly swamped in its wrongs, though many have not even been proven. The CIA has been this country’s â€Å"yang† to protect the populace of the USA. CIA is an agency of the Executive Branch of the United States government. It was created by the National Security Act of 1947, which also unified the three military departments (the Army, Navy and Marines) unde r a secretary of defense. It replaced the National Intelligence Authority and the Central Intelligence Group. Its purpose is to keep the U.S. government informed of foreign actions affecting our nations interests. The agency gathers political, economic, and military information about more than 150 nations and evaluates it for other U.S. government agencies. The CIA employs many foreign agents to supply intelligence about their native countries. It can also gather intelligence by listening to foreign radio and television broadcasts. Other ways include: reading foreign printed material available to the public, using aircraft with cameras, and using satellites to take pictures. We will write a custom essay on The Cia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The CIA works mostly by espionage, which is the act of spying on a country, organization, movement, or person. Using this method, the CIA evaluates and interprets information from its agents and researchers. It uses a lot of technical devices such as electronic eavesdropping equipment and also performs counterespionage. This prevents the theft of secret information and detects the presence of spies in the United States. Some think the history of espionage goes back to prehistoric times. The bible tells of Moses sending spies into Canaan. Frederick the Great of Prussia is credited with originating organized espionage. George Washingtons spies obtained intelligence and information during the Revolutionary war. The CIAs original job was primarily intelligence gathering, but when Communism started to spread, the National Security Council directed that the agency take part in political, covert, paramilitary, and economic operations. When the Korean War broke out, the CIA performed these operations, it also had additional requirements to support the combat forces. In 1950 and 1953, the CIA went through several changes. An Office of National Estimates was given the mission of projecting future developments. Overseas operations were placed in one directorate. Another directorate was in charge of all intelligence production and a third directorate included all support activities. During this period, up until 1961, the CIA was at the height of its cold war activity. It carried out continuous foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, political action, and propaganda.3 In 1955, Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill granting $46 million for the construction of a CIA Headquarters Building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on November 3, 1959.2 The CIA has played a big part in the U.S. controversy with Cuba. On April 17, 1961, the CIA, supported by Cuban exiles, invaded Cuba. It was known as the Bay of Pigs invasion. On the same day, the first employees moved into the completed CIA Headquarters Building. On Oct. 15, 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis began. The CIA was the organization that discovered the Soviet-made nuclear missiles in Cuba. The missiles were capable of reaching most of the United States.2 Also in 1962, the CIA had a mission in Cuba called MONGOOSE. In this mission the CIA planned to destroy a railroad yard and bridge. It also persuaded a German ball bearing manufacturer to send reject bearings to Cuba so the machines that they were used in would malfunction. It also sabotaged new busses that were ordered by Cuba for its own use. The CIA also assisted others in assassination planning against Cuban President Fidel Castro.6Cuba is not the only foreign country that the CIA has carried out missions in. In Afghanistan, the CIA responded to the 1979 Soviet invasion. The CIA operated in conjunction with China. In Chile the agency worked to prevent Allende from being elected in 1958 and 1964. Allende was elected in 1970, but the CIA worked to stop his succession of power. In El Salvador a CIA-army unit, known as Seasp ray, tried to locate guerillas by tracking radio transmissions. Also in El Salvador, the CIA helped stop people from voting multiple times, making it easy for rebels to identify voters. It also worked between 1982-1984 to stop the election of National Republican Alliance party leader Roberto Aubuissin. In Guatemala the agency assisted in the successful 1954 coup against the government of Jacob Arbenz. In Iran the CIA recovered guided missiles and patrol boats with guided missiles on them. It also ran a mission to overthrow an Iranian leader in Indonesia, PM Mossagegh.6In 1975, there were several different committees organized for the purpose of investigating the actions of the CIA. All three of the committees were only temporary. They were disestablished after they gave their final report. On May 19, 1976, the Senate established a permanent Select Committee on Intelligence to carry out the oversight of the CIA. On July 14, 1977, the House of Representatives also established a perman ent Select Committee on Intelligence. This differed from the committee that the Senate established because this committee had oversight authority over all other intelligence agencies.2 The national intelligent effort is led by the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). The DCI oversees all of the intelligence programs. The budget for all national intelligence activities is prepared by the DCI and is presented to Congress annually. These activities are focused and intended to support tactical military forces, and are funded separately in two programs within the Department of Defense. These two programs, the Joint Military Intelligence Program and the Tactical Intelligence and Related Activities aggression falls under the Deputy Secretary of Defense. Under the DCI is the CIA Executive Director. There are four directors under the Executive Director: the Deputy Director for Operations, the Deputy Director for Intelligence, the Deputy Director for Science and Technology, and the Deputy Director for Administration. The Deputy Director for Operations (DO) is also known as the clandestine service. The DO conducts covert operations and includes an estimated 1,800 to 2,000 case officers who oversee several thousand foreign agents overseas. The Deputy Director for Intelligence collects and analyzes information provided by all directorates. This includes all intelligence from CIA officers, satellites, and the world press. His department also tries to predict events in foreign countries and provide the president with a daily briefing. The Deputy Director for Science and Technology has four specific duties. They include: producing the toys of the spy trade, such as disguises, false documents, and secret radio transmitters, analyzing satellit e photos, intercepting foreign communications, and producing state-of-the-art espionage tools. The Deputy Director for Administration provides supplies and training, launders money, conducts background checks, debugs CIA offices, and analyzes specimens from foreign leaders to determine their health. .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb , .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .postImageUrl , .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb , .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb:hover , .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb:visited , .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb:active { border:0!important; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb:active , .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u93b713f1922a4a45664fadb789d614bb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Native Americans Persuasive EssayThe CIA has had problems with double agents. A double agent is an agent who is actually working for a foreign power, usually feeding false information to his case officer.7 In 1990, a CIA team went to Berlin to go through the records of the Stasi, the former East German intelligence service. CIA officers discovered that all but a few of the Stasis East German agents had been recruited as double agents by the Communist regime in East Berlin. In 1988, a Cuban named Felix Aspillaga told the Operations Directorate that almost every one of the agents that the CIA had recruited in Cuba was actually working for the Cubans and giving wrong informat ion to the Americans. One of the more recent cases of a double agent deals with Aldrich Ames. Ames was a spy for the CIA. He had a normal income and it seemed that he lived a normal life. It looked this way from the outside, but on the inside he was really working for the Soviet KGB. He was paid a total of $1.5 million by the Soviets, for his service. He deposited some of the money in his name and some if the money in his wifes name in banks in Virginia. He sold U.S. secrets to the KGB. He also gave them the names of all of the Soviets that the CIA hired as spies of its own. His actions started in the mid 80s and he worked undetected for nine years. He and his wife were finally arrested in the spring of 1994. If convicted they would both spend life in prison. The agency has had other problems and scandals too. In 1960 a Soviet missile shot down a U.S. spy plane that was taking photos of Soviet territory. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev then canceled a summit meeting with President Dwight D. Eisenhower. During the Vietnam War, the CIA illegally spied on thousands of Americans who opposed the war. They did this by opening mail and using wiretaps and other illegal methods to get information.4 Investigations in the mid-1970s found that several CIA employees took part in the Watergate affair. The CIA has also taken a lot of heat for its many assassination attempts of five foreign leaders.1Today the CIA has many problems with its agents. It had a problem with an agent named Mark McFarlin. He knowingly allowed several shipments of cocaine enter the United States from Venezuela. In the mid-80s, agents were buying arms and shipping them back to the United States illegally and putting them up for sale. In Ghana, a CIA secretary betrayed the names of CIA agents to her lover. It cost the CIA $13 million to resettle the agents back in the United States. The CIA also had several agents betray the agency while spying in Iran.7 The latest scandal is the cover-up of papers containing information on the possible exposure of U.S. troops to chemical weapons during the Persian Gulf War. The CIA refused to talk to Gulf War veterans who have evidence of chemical agent detections and exposures. The pentagon is still looking into the investigation. They have named the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Bernard Rostker, as the Gulf Illness czar.†Besides all of the technical equipment, the CIA has one unique way of gaining intelligence. It involves the paranormal and is called Operation Stargate. The program was started in the early 1970s. It consists of Psychics. The psychics predict activity of foreign countries. The program hit its peak in the late 1970s. Since the program began, the CIA has spent $20 million employing at least 16 psy chics. Joe McMoneagle pinpointed the locations of several Soviet submarines and the exact date on which it would emerge from its hiding spot. The CIA wants to discontinue the program, saying it is no longer effective, but supporters of the program say it is beneficial and that it is correct on 20% of its predictions. During the early 1950s and into the mid 1960s there were a number of unusual activities involving the CIA, The Canadian Government, and the American Government. It was a conspiracy. No one would ever guess that it was being supported by all three groups. During this time a number of experiments involving hallucinogenic, along with what some might consider inhuman methods of psychiatry, were performed on patients. This wasnt the end ofthe story. After three decades through endless court battles, a mysterious death of one of the worlds most famous psychiatrists/doctor, and numerous investigations, The CIA endedup being the most dominant player and winner of this international, yet mysterious case. The MKultra program emerged in 1953. It dealt with drugs and counter-drugs involved in research and development. MKultra immediate inspiration came from confessions made atStalins show trials and a public confession of Cardinal Mindzenty of Hungary on February 3, 1949. He showed signs that ma de the impression of being broken down.† As a result of theses incidentsthe CIA was interested in the reason behind all this. Another factor was the Korean War. During the war, US servicemen made radio propaganda which broadcasts for The Soviets. Behind these broadcasts was the plea for an end with US involvement in the war. People were confessing to the most extraordinary charges in the communist courts. These events lead The Senior CIA Staff to suspect that The Soviets had mind control over the people. It was a time that the memory of The Nazi death camps was still in the air, and previously facing massive bombing, the best and brightest of the US Government thought that another totalitarian threat was about to emerge and they were facing new technical evils. From all this paranoia, MKultra was created. It showed that theCIA was in the context of its time, sharing the concerns of society, not removed from them These concerns were reflected in the following CIA analysis:Since the notorious Moscow trial of 1937, overt Russian judicial procedure has been noteworthy for the dramatic trials in which the defendants have exhibitedanomalous and incomprehensible behavior and confessions. Characteristics and manner of the defendants, and formulation and delivery of the confessions have been so similar in a large number of cases as to suggest factitious origin. Most noteworthy and incredible has been the recent confession of His Eminence Cardinal MINDZENTY while on trial in the Peoples Court of Hungary. The evident incongruities prompted this studyIt became apparent at the outset of the study thatthe style, context and manner of delivery of confessions were such as to be inexplicable unlessthere had been a reorganization and reorientation of the minds of the confessees. There is adequatehistorical experience to establish that basic changes in the functional organization of the humanmind cannot be brought about by the traditional methods of physical torture-these, at the most,achieve a reluctant, temporary yielding and, moreover, leave their mark upon the victim. Newer ormore subtle techniques had, therefore, to be considered . . a. Psycho surgery: a surgical separation of the frontal lobes of the brain. b. Shock method: (1) electrical (2) drug: metrazol, cannabis, indica, insulin, cocaine. c. Psychoanalytic methods: (1) psychoanalysis (2) narcoanalysis and synthesis (3) hypnoanalysis and synthesis. d. Combinations of the foregoing. For the next twenty years, under several of names, the CIA began research on controlling human behavior. The first being Project Bluebird. During WWII the military hospitals discovered that soldiers and patients intend to speak freely when they where under the influenceof anesthetics. For this reason the OSS used cannabis in their drug experiments. The first field test was performed on an underworld figure known as August Del Gracio, a member of Charles LuckyLuciano crime family in New York. He was given cigarett es heavily laced with cannabis. As he smoked, they questioned him about underworld activities. Del Gracio and the OSS were also involvedin an attempt to arrange and prepare for an invasion of Sicily, and the protection of the New York docks against enemy sabotage. Directed by Shefields Edwards (head of the CIAs Office of Security) the project goal was to determine whether a team consisting of psychiatrists, lie detector experts, hypnotists, and technicians could get better results with drugs over other means of interrogation. A month later, during the Korean War, the team worked in Tokyo to investigate four people suspected to be double agents. The results were considered to be successful. In October 1950 the team worked on captured North Koreans. When Bedell Smith became DCI, Project Bluebird goals were to develop human robots. This experiment was called Project Artichoke. It was carried out by CIAs Office of ScientificIntelligence. Its intentions were to exploit along operational lines, scientific method and knowledge that can be utilized in altering attitudes, beliefs thought process and behavior patternsof agent personnel Due to the sensitivity of the techniques carried out and substances used, this was a highly confidential project. Within a short time, there were rumors in the Dictorateof Plans about double agents that were killed in the prior MKULTRA experiments. Both projects were conducted in Germany, Far East, and the United States. In April 1953, under the direction of Allen Dulles and Richard Helms, the program began to involve biological and chemical materials. At the time, Dr. Harris Isabell was head of the drugtreatment center in Lexington, Kentucky, where he carried out numerous experiments on drug addicts. The drugs used in the experiments were supplied by the CIA. Here the testees whereinformed of what exactly was involved in the research and their consent was obtained ( no where else did this happen). At the time LSD particularly interested the agency. The longterm effect of this drug was not known. There was one case where the doctor kept seven men on LSD for 77 days. It was considered to be even too much for acid heads of the 1960s to handle! The object of the experiments conducted were to see if it was possible to control people for a long period of time, from faraway distances. The spectacle of peoples behavior being controlledin Soviet show trials indicated that the Russians had perfected such techniques The experiment wasnt usually successful because the patients that were used were previously hardened drugaddicts. So as in 1953 normal people were used. Dr. Sidney Gotlieb was currently head of TSS at the time, where he reported to Frank Wisner and Richard helms in the Dictorate of Plans. He was mainly responsible for coordinating the MKultra programs. In 1953 numerous projects under MKULTRA came into existence and were under Gotliebs authority. There was Project Chatter (1947), a navy program attempted to test an d identify truth drugs, due to the report of the amazing results obtained by the Soviets. MKNaomi (1952), was designed for the production of biological chemical weapons and substances for the agencys use. MKDelta (1952) was the procedure for governing the use of MKultra material abroad. In all there were 149 MKULTRA subprojects, 33additional subprojects that were solely funded by MKULTRA itself. The 33 additional subprojects had nothing to do with behavioral modification, toxins, or drugs. By then MKULTRA indicated how the agency was ready, willing and prepared to face the world on a different level. There was one of the subproject that was considered to be humorous, Subproject #94 involving cats, dogs, and monkeys. These animals were used as guided bombs and microphones foreavesdropping. An audio device was considered inefficient and didnt work effectively enough. They acted like cameras and would record what they saw and the results were sometimes incomprehensive. An example would be at cocktail parties where these devices would record everything. Therefore, the outcome was fuzzy. So the CIA began to invest a lot of money and time on training a cat. This cat was cut open and a microphone would be inserted in its cochlea and an antenna in its tail. At first the cat would wander off every time it got hungry, so they split the cat in half once again and wired it in order for it not to have the hunger sensation. Finally when they released it and instructed in to listen into two men talking in the park, it got ran over as it crossed the street. The CIA is not completely bad. It does a lot of good for our nation. During the Persian Gulf War, it gained intelligence for the UN forces. It gained intelligence with the help of more than 200 Iraqi foes of Saddam Hussein. The CIA helps the United States gain national economic security. It does this by spying on the economic performance of other countries. Today it is looking more at Japanese and German product designs al ong with the designs of military weapons. Some people think this kind of spying is good and others think it is wrong. In 1995, France accused the United States of gathering economic and political secrets. The CIA responded by relocating these agents. The State department called the French charges unwarranted, this is because the French have been known for their own industrial and economic espionage. .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e , .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .postImageUrl , .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e , .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e:hover , .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e:visited , .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e:active { border:0!important; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e:active , .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u830009617970bc4179b0cc37177a025e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Julius Ceaser: Brutus Character Analysis EssayThe CIA, despite its downfalls has constantly been helpful to the security of the United States. The information that it has gathered has benefitted us in peace as well as during war. It is a great asset to our national and economic security. It will continue to provide our nation with the intelligence it needs in the future. As long as the United States stands, the CIA will be a necessary â€Å"evil† to stabilize â€Å"pure† nature of the rest of the Government. BibliographyMagazinesMcCurdy, Dave. â€Å"Glasnost for the CIA.† Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 1995: 125-40Smowle, Jill. â€Å"Double Agent.† Time, 7 March 1994: 28-37Vistca, Gregory. â€Å"Psychics and Spooks.† Newsweek, 11 December 1995: 50. Walcott, John and Duffy, Brian. â€Å"The CIA’s Darkest Secrets.† U.S. News World Report, 4 July 1994Waller, Douglas. â€Å"Halt! Friend or Foe?† Time, 6 March 1995: 50. Internetâ€Å"Key Events in CIA’s History.† Available http:http://www.cia.events. Venzke, Ben. â€Å"CIA.† Available http:http//alt.politics.org.cia , 1994EncyclopediaColes, Harry. â€Å"CIA.† Encyclopedia Americana. 1983 ed. Glickman, Harvey. â€Å"CIA.† World Book. 1996 ed. Kirkpatrick, Lyman. â€Å"CIA.† Encarta. 1994 ed. Wheeler, Douglas. â€Å"Espionage.† World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia. 1996 ed. History Essays

Swearing Essays - Blasphemy, Censorship, Connotation, Profanity

Swearing Essays - Blasphemy, Censorship, Connotation, Profanity Swearing Cussing, using profane language, making obscene gestures, whatever its called it is swearing. Swearing has become a common expressions this day in age and used most commonly by male teenagers. It makes them feel more sophisticated and feel respectable about themselves. Everyone swears so it doesnt make a difference to them because they sound just as intelligent as the others they choose to be around. Not only does it please their mother so much, everyone seems to show respect towards anyone that has the ability to think of no better word than a swear word. Swearing has become a fine mark of manliness for a teen. Being able to swear just like an adult proves to them how grown up they are. Swearing shows how one has self control over themselves by being able to pop in a swear word once in a while without overusing them. Swearing is all right just as long as its not overused. Those that tend to misuse a cuss make fools out of themselves because they seem to sound foolish as if they are unable to control themselves. Such vulgar people tend to make a swear sound tasteless and inappropriate in such circumstances. Any conversation can be made more delightful and entertaining when the swear is used. It doesnt matter how any of the words is used because a swear word can be easily implemented for a either a verb or an adjective. Nothing is better able to describe and portray actions and events as a cuss does. Anyone listening to a story told by someone that swears every other word is intrigued by the story and makes it a point to pay careful attention to every detail. The ability to swear is impressive in that they can tell if one has had more than an ordinary education. The vocabulary learned throughout ones life can never substitute for a curse. Swearing can give anyone a desirable personality among both women and children, or anyone that lives in a respectable society. Since swearing is a common activity among todays society, no one minds the occasional swear word and that is why infrequently when a little swear word slips it is never mentioned that that is a bad word to say. Besides it is only a simple, inoffensive word which really never harms anyone. Swearing should rarely be used to hurt someone, rather its basic intentions are to flatter and make a story better. A person that swears has a definite charming personality due to their casual speech and delectable behavior. The use of the swear word is an art, any overuse can tend to make anyone annoyed. However, with subtle use it has been adopted by others as being an unmistakable sign of culture and refinement. Some may think of swearing as an unfavorable choice of words used only by the unintelligent. However it is commonly thought of as a way of honoring God who said, Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord Thy God in vain.

Discussion Board 8-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Discussion Board 8-1 - Essay Example Computer is an important test instrument that helps in easy analysis of test results. Additional insight is that merging the various test and assessment tools can help in achieving accurate results about test-takers. In the future, counselors should advocate for creation of advanced computer software with capabilities of synchronizing with various tolls such as interviews, role-plays and case history data to perform quick analysis of results. Computer has proved to be an essential instrument for any kind of work. It has the capability of multitasking and processing large volumes of data at fast speed. It is for the reasons that there is need for development of software programs that can process interview results, case history data, and videos of role play, and perform analysis to produce accurate results about conditions affecting special groups (Cohen, Swerdlik & Sturman, 2013). The Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) mostly used for individuals with co-occurring disorders should be installed in tablet and laptop computers for use during assessments. The installation should be in such a manner that computer process results upon marking of the items evident in

Financing a Business Magazine Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financing a Business Magazine Article - Essay Example Even though, in common instances, credit has been rendered to the small businesses of developing countries such as India, Brazil, China, and South African states among others, the small businesses sectors in developed nations including the US and the UK can also be noted as major constituents of economic growth (Mahembe, 2011). Source: (Mahembe, 2011) Enthusiastically, based on these statistical findings and economic affirmations, small businesses have been connoted as the â€Å"powerhouse† and even as â€Å"most powerful engines of growth and jobs† within an economy (Banks, 2012). It is certainly for this particular reason that authoritative bodies, in the global economy today, intends to render greater emphasis and strategic support to these sectors, helping them to grow, sustain and compete. However, in the realistic scenario, these ‘powerhouses’ often have to face various hazards which are mostly concerned with the availability of adequate resources req uired to sustain the business in the long-run. Finance is an important requirement for the formation of any business allowing it to explore and take advantages of opportunities with the purpose of expansion and support to the daily operations. Literally stating, finance is a lubricant for any business to sustain their functions successfully in highly dynamic modern business circumstances (INFLIBNET Centre, 2010). As a matter of fact, without adequate availability of finances, business cannot grow which eventually results in its failure. In the current business scenario, operating environment for small business has become quite challenging fundamentally owing to the increasing complexities influenced by the rapidly altering external environmental elements. In recent times, the government bodies and the financial institutions have realized the importance of small businesses in the development of national economy and thereby have been focusing on rendering support to the sector with a greater motive to augment economic prosperity in the global platform. Contextually, several sources have become available to small businesses today, through which they can meet their financial requirements effectively, e.g. bank lending, mortgages, credit facilities and others (The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, 2009). However, procurement of finance from various sources itself requires some expenses (Department of Economic Development, Tourism and the Arts, 2011). Additionally, owing to the variances, raising finance for small scale businesses has become more sophisticated than it was earlier. Difficulties in Raising Finance for Small Scale Businesses There are various issues that contribute towards the challenges faced by the small businesses. In relation to this, one of the vital and common issues faced by the small businesses today has been their limited access to adequate finance (Soni, 2005). One of the potential explanations for apparent difficulties experienced by smal l businesses can be related with nominal credit risk management practiced by finance providers. It is completely rational for bank managers to take into account the various risk factors associated with pricing of loans. From the point of view of various banks, loans that have larger default risks or certain loans where borrowers are deemed to fail to meet interest payments have relatively lower chances to be approved. Even though, these requests are approved, lenders often attempt to mitigate such additional risks by issuing loans with shorter maturity period or by minimising the

Emergence of the modern civil rights movement 1950s Research Paper

Emergence of the modern civil rights movement 1950s - Research Paper Example In essence, the chorus of change was unwelcomed during this period. The activism advocated for equal rights and fair treatment of all human beings regardless of color and race. They employed tactics such as protest, legal challenges, and freedom rides to enhance protection of United States and equal opportunity for all. In essence, the African America scholars vowed with loyalty to the Nation and abolition of slavery, as well as, readmission to the nation Majority of the black people living in America developed a collective union that advocated for personal privileges as the law states. The union claims that for the reason of color the semi-white people, especially those living in developed nations such as United States have been neglected and some of their privileges denied (Renee, pg85). To begin with, the semi-whites living in Diaspora did not enjoy some of their privileges; this came about because of the color issue. Relating to this phenomenon, the whites who are the real inhabitants of the land viewed the blacks as inhabitants who had no go a head of enjoying anything good that the land produced. Consequently, they decided to join hands and fight for what they viewed as their rights. Their fight was directed against both the public authorities and social systems. The two believed there was the hindrance to the rights they deserved. Surprisingly, some whites also joined in to support this movement. It should be noted that African American people had been denied access to several things. Some of the things that they were denied access to; were the right for equality in housing, equality for equality in education, employment opportunities, therefore they thought that making headways will bring them fruits they gave been longing for (Cohen, 56). Due to the headways, they started experiencing professional sector jobs as well as white-collar jobs. To some degree, the African Americans started to get light however, they still had to continue pressing on,

Total Quality Management In The Software Industry

Total Quality Management In The Software Industry As total quality management has a great demand in todays software environment it is always better to understand not only this concept, but any concept with the help of a case study. In this case we have chosen American multinational technology and consulting firm which has its head office at Armonk, New York (IBM). In this case study we will try to strike an understanding of what is total quality management (TQM) and what are the essential steps to be followed to have a successful TQM implementation. We even discuss briefly about the management seven (M7) and quality seven (Q7) tools which are commonly used in TQM process. We also provide recommendation for the people to ensure success during (TQM) implementation. IBM is a globally renowned organization which is operating over 170 destinations across the world. Today there are about 40000 employees putting their heart and soul to bring in innovative solutions to a diverse client base to encounter some of the toughest challenges in their business. IBM is not just the worlds largest IT firm it also known to bring innovation and solution for various worldly problems. It is well known for its research and development. It partners with various governments to build a smarter planet. IBM can be called as the leading information technology and services in the planet today. It main services include: IT services Business consulting Application services Outsourcing services Services for small and medium business(SMEs) Software service Asset recovery Its main products include: Software Storage Systems Services Internet security Semiconductors(US) Point of scale(US) Printing systems from info point IBM certified pre owned equipment Its main support includes: Download Troubleshoot Documentation Install Open a technical service request Support by product Customer support Customers: There a range of customers from a verity of business sectors and a range of countries, few of them are listed below Winn-Dixie Stores (US) Tran zaps (US) Allied Irish bank Post bank Ag(Germany) Japan airlines Ps bank(Philippines) Industrial bank of korea IBM Qualifiers: End to End IT Enterprise Services: Ranging from single onsite resource deployment on a time and materials basis to fully managed services of entire system areas. Sector Expertise: Core IT sector skills, expertise and experience of working across software, Banking, Utilities, Government, Healthcare and Manufacturing, Hardware and Software.. Cost Effective Global Delivery Model: IBM provides clients with cost-effective solutions through worldwide for successful execution of project. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA): Provides services to the clients and operates progressively. Shows eight Web pages, different processes but same design Source:www.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/edge/08/jul08/peraire/index.html Winners: Industry Standard best practices: Quality initiative at ISL is driven by ISO 9001:2002, SEI CMM Level 5, SEI CMMi Level 5, SEI PCMM Level 5 backed by IBM processes and methodologies. Technology Collaborations: In global market IMB associations created own repos and given access to all the customers. Operational Processes: IBM solutions main Operational process: The main operational process that confers to the services delivery of the company can be discept in greater detail as below: Technology Division: Generally the development of any IT applications and services delivery project usually requires the following main iterations: Project Planning: The Project planning is key for any project success. This phase prioritizes the identification of potential aspects such as scheduling and developing. Requirements Specification: The document that specifies the functional, operational, design and reference points requirements of the project is called requirement specific document, this document is generally put together by the inputs taken from the high level authority of the project. Design Development: Design is the next step that follows after the requirement specification document is created, This is the phase where the intended features, process diagram, functional hierarchy templates and ER diagram are listed, This phase is immediately followed by the development process, developers use these design elements to develop their source code. Integration Testing: Integration is the process where the various modules of the project are integrated in to once system, I E code developed by various developers is put in to one place and the software is now ready to de tested , The testing process is used to test the correctness, reliability and the completeness of the software and defects and incompleteness identified in this phase are corrected by the developers and then again tested, this cycle continues until all the bugs in the software are eliminated. Installation Acceptance: Once the software is tested completely and all the imperfections are eliminated the next phase is the installation phase, In this phase the developed software is installed for the clients to use the software, Though this is not the last phase, once the installation is done, the project is almost complete, the final phase of the software implementation process is the User acceptance test(UAT), Here a personal or a team from the users test the application or the software to confirm that all the initial requirements laid out in the SRS document are achieved and there are not bugs in the application Maintenance Support: This basically depends on the agreement that the client and the development company have agreed, it may occur that the company that has developed the software is responsible for the maintenance and support or the user may hire professionals to do this job for him, any further enhancements to the software can also be added to the finished software. The other business functions or supporting processes involved are: Customer Services: This is an ongoing process where any suggestions and complaints or requests from the client are communicated to the development team for any further changes to the application .This process also involves providing technical assistance to the customers. Marketing Sales: This is a very important aspect where any future business is generated, this team is responsible for finding new customers for the product, this team is responsible for giving demonstrations of the product in an effort to improve business. They also have the responsibility of extending the current time bound contracts to generate further business and following up with existing and new clients until the deal is sealed and the case is handed over to the technical heads. Accounting Finance: All the financial aspects starting from the pricing of the product to the employees pay scales are handled by this department. Any audit to tax payments are carefully invoiced and documented by this department. Human Resources: Human resource department need to ensure the recruitment of new talent, satisfaction and retention of the existing staff, maintaining the training and learning needs of the staff and ensuring minimum wage levels and tracking the attendance of all the employees of the organization. They form the back bone of the firm in the sense that they provide the technical manpower to satisfy the clients requirements for skills. Literature review: According to the Websters Dictionary, quality is a degree of excellence; a distinguishing attribute. That is, quality is the degree to which a product lives up to its performance, endurance, maintainability, and other attributes that a customer expects to receive from purchasing this product. In order to produce quality product, one must adopt TQM concept into ones product development process. TQM is a management technique for continuously improving the performance at every level and in every area of responsibility to ensure customer satisfaction (Schulmeyer McManus,2007). It is a way of managing an enterprise towards achieving business excellence (Dahlgaard et al., 1998). TQM can be traced to the work of Dr. Edwardss Deming and dr. Joseph M. Juran during the rebuilding of the Japanese economy in the after math of World War 2. Since American business discovered TQM in the 1980s it has been successfully implemented in a number of well known corporation in the US and XEROX, federal express and IBM (capezio. 1995). Deming (1986) suggested the use of statistical techniques for quality control, and hence mentioned the following principles on quality: The Deming Management Method: Although Walter Shewhart is considered as the founding father of statistical quality control system, W. Edwards Deming is the first one who introduced the TQM concept. Deming offered the management his fourteen points of management obligations and identified seven deadly diseases and some obstacles of TQM implementation. The fourteen points as listed below are also known as the Deming management method [Walton, 1986]. Juran (1986) emphasizing on the vitality of both technical and managerial aspects mentioned the following aspects of quality: Planning organization Control The aim of the management is to reduce the cost of mistakes, reaching a point where the total costs of quality are minimal (Juran Gryna, 1993). TQM Techniques, tools and systems Statistical Process Control ISO 9000 series Pareto Analysis Matrix Diagram Histograms Tree Decision Diagram Critical Path Analysis Fishbone or Ishakawa Diagram TABLE: Hard TQM Practices Identified in Quality Management Literature ISO 9000 series: The International Standards Organization (ISO) 9000 is perhaps the most popular quality improvement system. It is an international set of documents widely known as standards written by a worldwide organization known as the ISO/Technical Committee 176 (Lamprecht, 1992). Critical path analysis (CPA). This tool is associated with managing projects. It is related to TQM because project management is critical to the implementation of quality programs within an organization (Bicheno, 1998). CPA seeks to establish, through the use of a network of arrows or nodes, a logical order of activities in terms of time and importance for the completion of a project (Bicheno). Fishbone or Ishakawa Diagram: This is one of the classic TQM tools called fishbone or Ishakawa diagram. The fishbone diagram is used to identify causes of a problem without using statistical methods (Bicheno, 1998; Goetsch Davis, 1994). According to Goetsch and Davis, the fishbone diagram serves as an excellent reminder for the things that have to be done. Crosby (1979) defined 14 steps for quality improvement, including top and intermediate management commitment, quality measurement, evaluation of quality costs, corrective action, training, a zero-defect philosophy, objective setting and employee recognition(Crosby, 1979) cited in (Tarà ­, 2005). The key components required to carry out the TQM process include top management commitment, employee involvement, problem-solving tools, continuous improvement and customer satisfaction, based on the work of Deming, Juran, and Crosby (Haag et al., 1996). The research by all these authors shows both strengths and weaknesses, for none of them offers the solutions to all the problems encountered by firms (Dale, 1999). Total Quality Management for Software: Process Improvement: The TQM philosophy described above can be applied to any development process, be it product development or software development. The Product Development Life Cycle (PDLC): This phase generally involves intelligence, design, choice, and review [Simon, 1977]. The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC): This phase involves planning, analysis, design, implementation and support [Whitten and Bently, 1998]. The application of TQM to software: Software development is a process in which the developer precisely converts the requirement specifications into software products. It is clear that the quality of software is largely determined by the quality of the process used to develop and maintain it (Sanders Curran, 1994). A number of authors have advocated the adoption of TQM for the development and maintenance of software systems (Rowe Neal, 1993).Specific frameworks do exist for the software industry like ISO 9000 and CMM which act as stepping stone towards attaining TQM. Software quality management: Major quality management processes identified by Schwalbe (2004) are: Quality planning: determining which quality standards are relevant to this specific project and deciding how these standards will be met. Quality assurance: involves evaluating overall performance regularly to ensure conformance to the set standards. Quality audits or reviews can support this function. Quality control: monitoring the activities and end results of the project to ensure compliance with the standards utilizing various available tools and techniques. TQM Concepts Total Employee Involvement Continuous Improvement Continuous Training Teamwork Empowerment Top-management Commitment and Support Democratic Management Style Customer/Citizen Satisfaction Table: Soft TQM Concepts Identified in Quality Management Literature Challenges: Many of the firms implements CMM or ISO 9000 series for improvement and reach their TQM goals. For any Organization to have a successful implementation of TQM it must ensure that the majority of its employees and those part of the value chain are willing to participate and embrace the TQM philosophy before embarking on the journey. Everyone involved in the chain need to actively play participate and engage themselves in the journey to TQM realization otherwise the whole process will be hindered. The difficulty or factors which need to be taken care off while implementing TQM: Improper Management support Less knowledge and improper market analysis. Short term involvement inability to stay on target for long Failure to get worker input Measuring profits in short term span Financial problems- not possible to invest requisite amounts to bring the change Despite the benefits TQM brings, problems have been encountered while implementation. Firms must develop a number of components in an integrated way for successful implementation (Easton Jarrell, 1998). Future of TQM: The new age TQM is being built upon the information contained in databases rather than on generic and research models. Thus, TQM will be informed and shaped by customer requirements reflected in accurate data and information systems (Aurand et al., 1996).In summary, technology would remain the key driver of TQM through the use of IT and e-business. The future of the TQM is being designed to address the needs of service based and SMEs, rather than on the conventional product based framework of TQM. Also there would be fast track TQM implementation processes as firms are trying to march ahead on the technology change front.Thus, there is likely to be a requirement for more interdisciplinary research as the future of TQM develops (Dale et al., 2001). Also, newer environmental legislation, quality standards, carbon footprint and quality-award model development related issues would be redefining the future versions of TQM.

Modern-day Witch Hunts :: essays research papers

Is the accuser always holy now? Were they born this morning as clean as God's fingers? I'll tell you what's walking Salem-vengeance is walking Salem. We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law! (p73, The Crucible) Arthur Miller's classic play, The Crucible, is about the witch-hunts and trials in seventeenth century Salem, Massachusetts. What starts with several girls practicing European white magic in the woods escalates to a massive hysteria, with the "afflicted" girls falsely accusing even the respected women in the community of being witches. Eager to "utterly crush the servants of the devil", church leaders and townspeople insist on trying the accused. The punishment for failing to confess to witchcraft is death by hanging. In the end, many are hanged for imaginary crimes, for which no actual proof is ever presented, the only evidence being the word of a handful of girls. Miller wrote The Crucible as a parallel to the anticommunist hysteria in the 1940's. It may also be seen as a mirror to Hitler's Germany, and the pseudo-science of the time which dictated "purity". Today, however, The Crucible shows a resemblance to an entirely different kind of social hysteria. Accusations of sexual-abuse against child-care providers and others are now sometimes referred to as "witch hunts" when the accusers are suspected of lying, as in Miller's play. Children's advocates will of course tell us that we must believe children's claims of abuse, because, tragically, it does occur. However, a recent trend has shown that more and more accusations are false, and even when the accused are found innocent, their lives can be changed forever. This paper will examine the similarities between Miller's The Crucible, and the sexual-abuse "witch hunts" of today. Gordon Waugh, member of Casualties Of Sexual Allegations (COSA) writes: †¦many people now acquire "victimhood" through counseling. Being a "victim" draws sympathy. It explains the tragedies, the failures, the hardships, the health problems and the disappointments of life. It relieves people of some of life's natural burdens: dealing with complexity, facing things beyond their control, and accepting responsibility for decisions and actions. Many counselors attribute their clients' woes to long-buried "repressed" memories of childhood sexual abuse. They help clients to unlock these, and rewrite their pasts. Clients sever all former ties with "families of origin" and surround themselves only with other "survivors", to prevent confirmation or denial.

Chem Paper

www. moalims. com KBSE Guess Paper IX Biology 2010 NEW PATTERN Section â€Å"A† (Multiple Choice Question) Q. 1. Prepare multiple choice questions from your text book. Section â€Å"B† (Short Questions Answer – Zoology) Q. 2. Define the following ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Physiology Ecology Cytology Taxonomy Palaeontology Genetics Bio-Chemists Embryology OR Write contributions of Al-Farabi, Ibn-Al-Haitham, Bu-Ali Sina in the field of Biology. Q. 3. Write contributions of Galileo, Robbert Hook, Louis Pasteur, Charles Darwin, Greogor John Mendal, Watson and Crick in the field of Biology. OR Write two verses about the origin of life. OR Describe the structure and functions of the Nucleolus. www. moalims. com www. moalims. com Q. 4. Draw and neat and labelled diagram of the Digestive System of Frog. OR Draw a neat and labelled of the Respiration System of Frog. OR Draw a neat and labelled diagram of the Ventral view of Heart of Frog. OR Draw a neat and labelled diagram of the Brain of Frog. Q. 5. Describe five kingdom classification Margulus and schwartz. OR Describe the structure and characteristics of Virus. OR Write four common characteristics of the following. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Phylum Protozoa Phylum Porifera Phylum Coelenterata Phylum Annelida Phylum Mollusca Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Arthropoda OR Write four common characteristics of the following ? Class Pisces www. moalims. com www. moalims. com ? ? ? ? Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Q. 6. Write down four functions of the blood. OR Name three important arteries of the Arterial System. OR What is Exoskeleton? Name two phyla of animals having exoskeleton. OR Draw a neat and labelled diagram of the structure of human Eye. OR Write the names of any three Endocrine Glands. Also write the name of one harmone secreted by each of them. Q. 7. Write short note on the following ? ? ? ? ? Heroin Cocaine Marijuana Nicotine Alcohol Q. 8. Define the following ? Variations www. moalims. com www. moalims. com ? ? ? ? Crossing Over Biosphere Eco-System Predation Q. 9. Write short note on the following ? ? ? Thread Worm Liver Fluke Round Worm Section â€Å"B† (Short Answer Questions Botany) NOTE: Answer any SEVEN Question from this Section. Each Question carries (03) Marks. Q. 10. Define the following ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Biological Method Hypothesis Theory Bio-Technology Experiment Result Deduction Observation Q. 11. Define Genetic Engineering. ww. moalims. com www. moalims. com OR Write on function of each of the following. ? ? ? ? ? ? Mitochondria Golgi Bodies Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Centriole Vacuole Q. 12. What are Plastids? Describe any TWO types of Plastids. OR Write five differences between prokaryotic cell and a Eukaryotic cell. OR Define Tissue. Write the names of four types of Plant Tissues and describe t hem briefly. OR Write two functions of each of the following. ? ? ? Root Stem Leaf Q. 13. State the following parts of a Brassica Flower. ? ? ? Calyx Corolla Androceium www. moalims. com www. moalims. com ? Gyneocium OR Draw neat and labelled diagram showing the internal structures of a Rod-Shaped Bacterium. OR Define the following ? ? ? ? Pyrenoid Isogany Mycellium Hyphae OR Write four salient features of cynobacteria (blue-green algae). Q. 14. Write four characteristics of Fungi. OR Draw neat and labelled diagram of the internal structure of chlamydomones. OR Write four general characteristics of Bryophytes, Tracheophytes. OR Write three points of differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. OR With the help of a labelled diagram explain the structure of Adiantum, Ptris. Q. 15. Write three points between Monocot and Dicot. OR www. oalims. com www. moalims. com Write four importance o Vascular Plants. OR Define the following ? ? ? ? Parasits Saprophytes Insectivorous Plants Symbionts Q. 16. What is Pollination? Name its two types. OR Write advantages and disadvantages of Vegetative propagation. OR Write down four types of bacteria on the basis of nutrition and write twobeneficial and two har mful aspects of bacteria. OR Define the following terms ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Alleles Hybrid Allelomorph Homozygous Heterozygous Phenotype Genotype Dominant Character www. moalims. com www. moalims. com ? Recessive Character Q. 17. Describe the Law of Independent Assortment. OR Why is vegetative propagation ideal for growers? OR Define Photosynthesis? Write its chemical equation. OR How the excretion in plants is different from animals. OR Define Ecosystem and write the names of its components. Section â€Å"C† (Discriptive Questions Answer – Zoology) NOTE: Attempt TWO questions from this Section. Q. 18. Define Biogenesis and Abiogenesis and describe Needham, Louis Pasture's Experiment. OR Define Mitosis and Write the names of four phases of Mitosis. Q. 19. Draw a neat and labelled diagram of Arterial System of Frog. OR Draw a neat and labelled diagram of the Eye of Frog. Q. 20. Define Metamorphosis and describe its two types. www. moalims. com www. moalims. com OR What is meant by Flora and Faunn? Write a short note on the Funna of Pakistan. Q. 21. Describe the process of digestion in Man. OR Define the term Ventilation. Q. 22. Draw two neat and labelled diagrams of showing the two stages of Ventilation i. e. inspiration and expiration in the Human Respiratory System. OR Draw neat and labelled diagram of the structure of human heart. OR Draw a labelled diagram of L. S. of human kidney. Q. 23. Draw and neat and labelled diagram of Human Brain. OR Draw a neat and labelled diagram of Human Eye, Human Ear. OR Describe the process of Asexual in Animal. OR Describe the process of reproduction and development in Frog. Q. 24. Describe Watson and Crick model of DNA. OR Describe Lamarck's theory of evolution in detail. OR www. moalims. com www. moalims. com Describe Darwin's theory of evolution in detail. OR Write in detail Abiotic components of Ecosystem. OR Define the following ? ? ? Carbon Cycle Water Cycle Nitrogen Cycle OR Write short note on the following ? ? ? Bacteria Protozoa Viruses Q. 25. Write short note on the following ? ? ? ? Influenza Poliomyelitis Measles AIDS OR Draw neat and labelled diagram of human tooth. Section â€Å"C† (Discriptive Questions Answer – Botany) www. moalims. com www. moalims. com NOTE: Attempt TWO questions from this Section. Q. 26. Draw a neat and labelled diagram of Root, Stem, Leaf. OR Explain the structure of Nostoc with the help of labelled diagram. OR What are heteropic plants? Write short notes on saprophytes and Insectivorous plants. OR With the help of diagram describe and experiment to show. ? ? ? Carbon Dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis. Oxygen gas is evolved during photosynthesis. Chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis. OR Which factors are necessary for photosynthesis? Describe them. OR How A. T. P formed in a cell? Explain. OR Write two similarities between respiration and combustion and two differences between photosynthesis and respiration. Q. 27. Define Transpiration. Write five factors affecting the rate of transpiration. OR With the help of diagram describe the physical properties of Xylum. OR Define two types of movements in plants and give one example of them. www. moalims. com www. moalims. com OR Describe Asexual Reproduction in plant. OR What is mean by dispersal of Seeds and Fruits? Describe any two methods of dispersal of Seeds and Fruits. OR Describe Mendel's Law of Segregation in detail. www. moalims. com

unemployment in america essays

unemployment in america essays As the United States economy is slowly recovering, many jobs are still being lost daily as many more are also created. Even though there are many factors that give a look at how the economy is doing, a factor one should carefully examine before making such decision is the unemployment rate. Unemployment rate also has different factors that determine the rate. Many workers are losing their current jobs because they do not have the current technological skills. Others are losing their jobs due to jobs moving overseas. However, since the actual unemployment rate is difficult to measure accurately, the rate can easily incline and decline. With the American economy recovery, it is still causing the unemployment rate to rise. Treasury secretary John W. Snow is expecting about 200,000 jobs to be created monthly for a year to make up for the almost 3 million jobs lost since 2001. Many economists believe that anywhere between 150,000 to 200,000 should be created every month to keep up with population growth so that the job market does not weaken. In 1997, 250,000 jobs were created, declining the unemployment rate. In 1995, 180,000 jobs were created, but unemployment rose. This shows that it is hard for economist to estimate the amount of jobs needed, however, they can use previous data to help with their estimating. Many of those unemployed are jobless due to technological advances. A simple example would be a factory worker that does inventory count for a tire company. Before technology entered this company, he would have to hand count every tire still at the warehouse. However, once technology was used in the company, every time a tire was taken out of the warehouse, it would be checked out by a computer, which in turn would automatically update the inventory in the warehouse. This would obviously save the worker a lot of time, however, if the worker has absolute no knowledge of computers, itll be more time consuming to teach hi...

Brief History of Math essays

Brief History of Math essays In my years studying math Ive realized that math is essential for life. Having this said, It is quite obvious that math could easily be as old as humanity itself. Prehistoric men has interests in geometric figures in their pottery. As we first learn in out toddler years, to count with our fingers, it is almost certain that barbarians (as some call prehistoric men) used this system. And according to the Microsoft Encarta encyclopedia there is proof that they based their mathematics on a system of 5, 10 etc. The earliest records of advanced mathematics come from the cities of Babylonia and Ancient Egypt in 3,000 B.C. The Greeks really advanced humanity in Mathematics. Mathematics like Pythagoras, Hippocrates and Thales who advanced math in an astonishing level. The level of comprehension that the Greeks had was astonishing. They were the first to fully understand the pyramid. The invention of the Pythagorean theorem was brilliant. Great ads to geometry were made. They also began trigonometry. Islamic Mathematics date back to ninth century A.D, Indian people were already performing algebra problems. Muslims also expanded the theory of numbers, and explained many ways of solving equations. They were also responsible for the expansion of Math in the West (to Europe). The Renaissance Mathematics was a period of many great discoveries. For one, Infinity had begun to be used in the end of the 15th century and beginning of the 16th century (A.D of coarse). There was also discoveries of algebraic solutions to cubic and quadratic equations. The Renaissance also gave way to the beginning of algebraic symbolism: a + b = c. Also great developments in the next century by Sir Isaac Newton from England. In the 17th century many new great steps for math were made. For starters, the probability theory was made, and later proven. Sir Isaac Newton, as well as some other mathematicians made the creation of calculus., and dif...

Accounting in Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Accounting in Russia - Essay Example sitated a movement away from the earlier era of accounting standards that were in tune with the centrally planned economy of the USSR but were outdated with the introduction of capitalism. This paper discusses the history of accounting in Russia and the recent developments in formulating accounting standards and governance. Due to the large number of corporate scandals that rocked Russia in the first few years of the 21st century, the Russian government has hastened the move to accounting regulation and corporate governance. Russia matters to the global economy. As a country with significant proven and unproven natural resources, mainly oil among them, it is one of the world’s leading suppliers of oil and commodities. With the spike in Oil prices in the latter parts of 2007 and continuing into 2008, the geo-strategic importance of Russia increased dramatically with the result that the world was dependant on the supply of Russian oil and gas. With regards to the supply of gas to Western Europe, Russia flexed its muscles and ensured that the terms set by it were followed at all times. In some instances, it even threatened to cut off the supply of gas to Europe as a retaliatory measure. Thus, Russia is in a position to dictate terms to the West. It has to be qualified that this is a recent development given the state of affairs in the 1990’s and the first few years of this decade as the West had the upper hand in its dealings with Russia. Further, Russia is an attractive destination for foreign capital and as a captive market among the emerging economies that go by the acronym BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China). It is in the interest of the western multinational corporations to have Russia adopt an integrated accounting system in line with their expectations. And the sense of nationalism that characterizes the Russian attitude towards the west has resulted in its own set of priorities for both sides. It is in this context that the move towards

12 linguistics branches Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

12 linguistics branches - Research Paper Example (Crystal, 1997) Morphology is like the mother who teaches the baby how to talk. This branch often studies how the words are constructed out of smaller units which have a meaning or grammatical function, for example the word friendly is constructed from friend. This branch has a sister two sisters called syntax which studies how the words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences, and phonetics that studies speech sounds; how they are produced in the vocal tract (articulatory phonetics), how they are transmitted through the air (acoustic phonetics), and how they are perceived by the listener (auditory phonetics).Their mandate is to ensure words are correctly written and spoken. (Crystal, 1997) The screaming child, phonology studies the sound system of language; how the particular sounds used in each language form an integrated system for encoding information and how such systems differ from one language to another. On the other hand the curious father, psycholinguistics always studies the mental processes underlying the planning, production, perception and comprehension of speech, for example how memory limitations affect speech production and comprehension. This is to ensure the child speaks correctly with good perceptions of things. The twin brother of the father, uncle sociolinguistics, is also keen to the social factors such as social class, educational level, and age, sex and ethnic origin so that the child may grow to understand them to link in the sentences. (Crystal, 1997) The elder brother of the child, semantics who studies the meaning and how words and sentences are related to the real or imaginary objects they refer to and the situations they describe. This is to ensure that the child links together the words that are related. However the elder sister of the child, pragmatics is keen in on the context of the situation. He studies the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between